TITLE:
ACTIVITY PROFILE BETWEEN WINNERS AND LOSERS OF FEMALE
CLASS B OF PENCAK SILAT OLAHRAGA 28TH SEA GAMES 2015 SINGAPORE
ABSTRACT
The Malay martial art of
pencak silat is an important source of traditional acting technique. The
purpose of the study was to compare the skills between winners and losers in
women class B of Pencak Silat Tanding in 28th SEA GAMES in Singapore
2015, which is Silat Olahraga Women’s Class B 50-55KG SIN vs LAO Semi-Final SEA
GAMES 2015 . All notational taking was using hand notational from the beginning
until the end of the action period. A publicly available video recording of one
video female Silat match from the 28th SEA GAMES 2015 in Singapore
was chosen for the analysis. The game statistics consists of punch, kick,
topple, sweep, block, block and kick, block and punch, block and sweep, fake
kick, fake punch and others. Yet, motion categories Silat exponent’s motions
were classified into 3 types of outcomes, Hit-Target (HT), Hit-Elsewhere (HE)
and Miss Opponent (MO) to determine the accuracy of how many successful the
technique was good and better from both exponents. Athletes will be trying to
perform well as much as possible to achieve maximum performance. The losing
team makes less movement than the winning team. While, the winning team makes
much better movement during competition. The descriptive analysis will be used
to determine the difference performance between the winner and loser in Silat
match.
INTRODUCTION
Pencak Silat is a unique
form of martial arts rooted in Malay culture, which stretches across Indonesia,
Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei Darussalam, the Southern Philippines and Southern
Thailand, and other places where populations who converse in the Malay language
and refer to a common Malay ancestry found. The combination of the words Pencak
and Silat into a compound word was made for the first time when an organization
of the unity of Pencak schools and Silat schools in Indonesia was founded in
Surakarta in 1948, which called Ikatan Pencak Silat Indonesia (The Indonesian
Pencak Silat Association), abbreviated as IPSI (Kartomi, 2011).
According by Aziz, Tan,
and Teh (2002) the native people in their struggle against their colonial
rulers practiced Silat. With the withdrawal of the latter, Silat gradually
turned into a cultural activity and was used for ceremonial and recreational
purposes. Pencak Silat brings to light very different subjectivities,
inter-subjectivities, and ways of objectifying the body in regional- and national-level
practice (Wilson, 2009).
Aziz and his colleague added that the traditional art form had since been
modified into a structured competitive sport. The sport’s world controlling
body, the International Pencak Silat Federation includes member countries such
as the US, Japan and many European nations (International Pencak Silat
Federation, 1999). There are various internationally sanctioned competitions
such as the European Championship inaugurated in 1985, Southeast Asian Games
(since 1987) and World Championships (since 1982).
Referring to Latiff,
(2012) Seni Pencak Silat is the martial art of the Malay speakers of mainland
Southeast Asia and the Indonesian archipelago.6 Seni means “beauty” or
“knowledge,” pencak denotes trained body movements, and Silat carries the
meaning of a fighting situation. He therefore translate the term as “the beauty
or knowledge of the trained body in fighting.” 7 Seni Pencak Silat is the Malay
art of self-defense. Kartomi, (2011) has documented that Pencak Silat (‘the
art of self-defence’) is a contemporary umbrella term used in Indonesia and
Malaysia and other parts of Southeast Asia to designate the hundreds of
traditional and modern martial art genres that are performed either solo or as
a duel, and with or without musical accompaniment. The two components of the
term designate the two parts of the one Pencak Silat genre: pencak, a
performance art, and Silat, a fighting and self-defense art, with the latter
sometimes involving the use of weapons such as a sword or dagger (Kartomi, 2011).
The sport of Silat
consists of two categories, artistic and contact. The former focuses on
choreographed movements and patterns of Silat. The latter is a
weight-categorized, full contact, unarmed duel of similar concept to other
conventional martial art sports like taekwondo and judo. Here, two Silat
exponents square-off on an eight-meter diameter circle area. The match consists
of three rounds of two minutes each with one-minute interval between rounds.
Time stoppages by the referee are not included in the actual bout time, so the
actual duration of each round and thus total match time is usually longer than
the two and eight minutes scheduled, respectively. Points are awarded for
toppling an opponent, successful defensive blocks, and offensive punches and
kicks to the chest, abdomen and flanks, leg sweeps and throws (Aziz, Tan, & Teh, 2002).
Latiff, 2012) noted that the basics of all styles are similar in their ‘kuda-kuda’ (horse stance), ‘tumbuk’ (punches), ‘tendang’ (kicks), ‘kunci’ (locks), and ‘tepis’ (deflections).
Silat can strengthen
self-awareness, self-discipline, integrity, responsibility, loyalty, and
cooperation among its practitioners (Latiff, 2012a).
Referring by Wilson, (2009) Pencak Silat as ‘situated activities’ in their own
right, attempting to ‘analyze activity in situ’ and treat ‘relations among
person, activity, and situation, as they are given in a social practice, itself
viewed as a single, encompassing, theoretical entity’. Latiff, (2012) also
stated that Silat is no mere
skill, but focused instead on moulding individual human qualities.
Traditionally, training in Pencak Silat takes place through apprenticeship to a
teacher, or guru, and instruction in the art is often inalienable from the
genealogical relationships that link it to person and place (Wilson, 2009).
According
by Shapie et al., (2009) Silat exponent’s motions were coded into 14 different
types of categories, such as Punch, Kick, block,
catch, topple, sweep, evade/dodge, Self-Release,
block and punch, block and kick, block and sweep, fake punch, fake kick and
others. Nevertheless, in this performance analysis, there will be
have four major indicator including punch, kick, topple and sweep. Usually, for
the fighting or sparing, the players will be categorized according to their
weight. There are 11 classes, which starts from class A until class K (Latiff, 2012a).
MATERIALS
AND METHOD
A publicly available
video recording of 1 female Silat match from the SEA Games in Singapore
(National Sports Council, Malaysia), Silat Olahraga Women's Class B 50-55KG SIN
vs LAO Semi-Final was used for the analysis. The system was used to identify
four different types of event performed by the 2 female contestants as well as
the start and end of action periods.
Silat is Malay’s martial
art. The battling methods in Silat are begin from the specialty of war. It is
considered as the best self-protection moves it is possible that one on one or
in gathering assault. Wilson (2009) has documented that the Silat example is
known as "pesilat" and the Silat master known as 'cikgu'. The master
will educate the type in the Silat ring known as 'gelanggang'.Usually the guru
will teach all the secrets fighting techniques in the ring.
The commencement and
completion of each individual action period was recorded and the duration was
calculated by spreadsheet programming allowing durations (differences between
action period end and start times) to be computed. The frequency, mean duration
and percentage of total time were subsequently calculated. An intra-operator
reliability study of fights was undertaken to establish the reliability of the
method (Shapie et al, 2013).
In Silat, there are different types of motion
were coded as follows:
Punching
According to Latiff, (2012) the
straight-punch and uppercut are the best techniques in Silat. If you hit your
opponent with any of the two punches to the right place, he or she can die
instantly. Exercises such as push-up and grip strength exercise can develop
your punching strikes.
Kicking
The concept the higher the better is not
relevant to Silat. You need to develop your kicking technique to right target
to destroy your enemy. You can train this using the kicking target and punching
bag. The front-kick is the best kick because the power of the kick is directly
delivered to your opponent (Wilson, 2009).
Sweep
Referring to Latiff (2012), from standing,
sweeps are throws or takedowns that primarily use the legs to attack an
opponent's legs. On the ground, sweeps are techniques for reversing a grappling
position. A sweep, when referred to in the context of ground fighting is a
technique used to transition from a neutral or inferior position to a dominant
position, such as a practitioner moving from in an opponent's guard to full
mount, hence the alternative term 'reversal' as the dominance of positions have
been reversed (Latiff, 2012b).
Topple
When a Silat fight between two Silat
exponents is even, topple down technique can influence the result of the fight.
The secret is to train this technique at least 100 times a day with your
partner. You also need to record and improve this technique until it is perfect
(Kartomi, 2011).
Evade/Dodge
The evade ‘elakan’ technique is carried
out by silat exponent when he tries to evade an attack. This technique does not
require the silat exponent to touch the opponent in fending off the attack.
They are many ways of carrying out his defensive movement such as dodging
‘gelek’, retreat ‘mundur’, evasion to the side ‘elak sisi’, bending ‘elak
serung’, jumping ‘lonjak’ ducking ‘susup’ and etc. (Anuar, 1992).
Self-Release
Self-release ‘lepas tangkapan’ technique
is a technique to unlock any clinch or catch from an opponent (Anuar, 1992)
Block
and Punch
The blocking technique is used to block
any hand or leg attack from the opponent and followed by counter attack using
the leg to kick the opponent (Shapie, Oliver, O’Donoghue, & Tong, 2013).
Block
and Kick
The blocking technique is used to block
any hand or leg attack from the opponent and followed by counter attack using
sweeping technique to the opponent (Shapie et al., 2013).
Block
and Sweep
The blocking technique is used to block
any hand or leg attack from the opponent and followed by counter attack using
sweeping technique to the opponent (Shapie et al., 2013).
Fake
Punch
An action which a silat exponent intends
to confuse the opponent using a fake punch to break his opponent’s defensive
posture (Shapie et al., 2013).
Fake
Kick
An action which a silat exponent intends
to confuse the opponent using a fake kick to break his opponent defensive
posture (Shapie et al., 2013).
Others
Both silat exponents are either in posture
position ‘sikap pasang’ or coming close to each other using silat step pattern
‘pola langkah’.
RELIABILITY OF
OBSERVATION
The author analyzed all the activities and comparison
classified each change motion in a single match. The observation was done by 1
hour. It requires experienced silat practitioners to analyze the data as the
movement of both exponents were fast, needing close inspection.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
The observation generated
data will be frequency counted. All the raw data generated by the notational
was exported into SPSS for more detailed analysis. Statistical analysis was
conducted using Statistical Package for Social Scientists, version 20. A
descriptive analysis was used to determine the different of performance between
winners or losers in silat matches.
RESULTS
Table 1.1 Silat
Olahraga Women’s Class B 50-55KG SIN vs LAO (Semi-Final) SEA GAMES 2015 (LAO
WON)
Action
|
Outcome
|
|||||||||
Hit
Elsewhere
|
Hit Target
|
Miss
Opponent
|
Not
Available*
|
Total
|
||||||
LAO
|
SIN
|
LAO
|
SIN
|
LAO
|
SIN
|
LAO
|
SIN
|
LAO
|
SIN
|
|
Block
|
11
|
16
|
||||||||
Block and
Kick
|
||||||||||
Block and
Punch
|
||||||||||
Block and
Sweep
|
||||||||||
Kick
|
25
|
19
|
11
|
6
|
26
|
17
|
62
|
42
|
||
Fake Kick
|
3
|
6
|
||||||||
Punch
|
5
|
2
|
10
|
6
|
5
|
2
|
20
|
10
|
||
Fake Punch
|
||||||||||
Self-Release
|
||||||||||
Topple
|
2
|
1
|
1
|
0
|
1
|
3
|
4
|
4
|
||
Sweep
|
1
|
4
|
0
|
0
|
3
|
2
|
4
|
6
|
||
Catch
|
||||||||||
Dogde
|
||||||||||
Others
|
||||||||||
Total
|
104
|
84
|
Table 1.2 Frequemcy
profile of 2 exponents
Exponent
|
Punch
|
Kick
|
Topple
|
Sweep
|
Total
|
Winner
|
20
|
62
|
4
|
4
|
90
|
Loser
|
10
|
42
|
4
|
6
|
62
|
Total
|
30
|
104
|
8
|
10
|
152
|
Table 1.3 Mean
for each team
Winner
|
(20 + 62 + 4 + 4) / 4 = 22.5
|
Loser
|
(10 + 42 + 4 + 6) / 4 = 15.5
|
Table 2.1 Silat
Olahraga Women’s Class B 50-55KG THA vs LAO (Final) SEA GAMES 2015
(THA WON)
Action
|
Outcome
|
|||||||||
Hit Elsewhere
|
Hit Target
|
Miss Opponent
|
Not Available*
|
Total
|
||||||
THA
|
LAO
|
THA
|
LAO
|
THA
|
LAO
|
THA
|
LAO
|
THA
|
LAO
|
|
Block
|
||||||||||
Block and Kick
|
||||||||||
Block and Punch
|
||||||||||
Block and Sweep
|
||||||||||
Kick
|
10
|
6
|
9
|
12
|
4
|
5
|
23
|
23
|
||
Fake Kick
|
||||||||||
Punch
|
1
|
0
|
10
|
4
|
0
|
0
|
11
|
4
|
||
Fake Punch
|
||||||||||
Self-Release
|
||||||||||
Topple
|
0
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
1
|
||
Sweep
|
4
|
0
|
4
|
0
|
5
|
0
|
13
|
0
|
||
Catch
|
||||||||||
Dogde
|
||||||||||
Others
|
||||||||||
Total
|
47
|
28
|
Table 2.2 Frequemcy profile of 2
exponents
Exponent
|
Punch
|
Kick
|
Topple
|
Sweep
|
Total
|
Winner
|
11
|
23
|
0
|
13
|
47
|
Loser
|
4
|
23
|
1
|
0
|
28
|
Total
|
15
|
46
|
1
|
13
|
75
|
Table 2.3 Mean for each team
Winner
|
(11
+ 23 + 13) / 4 = 11.75
|
Loser
|
(4
+ 23 + 1) / 4 = 7
|
DISCUSSIONS
Based on the result, descriptive
statistics can be found by the SPSS software that being used to calculated all
the possible data according to the notated exponent statistics. There are
differences between in all actions in Silat Olahraga Women’s Class B 50-55kg Semi-Final
and Final. In semi-final match, the frequencyfor winner is 90 and loser is 62. The
winner (LAO) made 20 punches in all the entired tournament compared to loser
(SIN) that only made 10 punches because loser cannot defend or block herself.
Then, followed by kick, winner (LAO) did 62 times compared to loser (SIN) and
this was lead the winner to win the game. The reason why loser get the lower
number of frequency is mental fatigue and physical fatigue. For the winner, the
factor of the frequency is high because of high in muscular endurance. This is
because with high muscular endurance, the formation of lactic acid at muscle
will be delay. Thus, the winner has advantage for giving the full strength in
the game.
In
addition, in the match of Silat Olahraga Women’s Class B 50-55KG Final, the
frequency for winner is 47 and loser is 28. The winner (THA) managed to do 11
punches compared to loser (LAO) that only managed to do 4 punches. While,
followed by kick, both winner and loser did 23 times, but, winner (THA) did 13
times of sweep compared to loser (LAO). There are so much difference between
the winner and loser in final match. Factor
that leads for winner is has a good experience to defeat the opponent. She has
a good strategy to make the opponent tired. The agility for winner is more
function than loser. It is because of the difference type of training and for
winner is better than the loser. The different of skill also can influence the
accuracy of punch, kick, topple and sweep. Lastly is psychological factor from
winner make the loser stress and cannot think properly during game. So, the
winner’s psychology is more effective than the loser.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, this
analysis shows that the comparison between the winner and loser in Silat
Olahraga by post-event analysis from SEA Games in Singapore 2015. The study was
complemented by the extensive work and other studies carried out by (Shapie, Oliver, O'Donoghue, &
Tong, 2013).
This study can provide a greater understanding of information for the Silat
looking at the performance in high intensity and low intensity action.
Descriptive analysis was used in this analysis to measure the two group about
winner and loser in the game. The winner and loser can be analysed from four
criteria such as punch, topple, sweep, and kick.
However it is important
to understand that high intensity actions will contribute more in the score
points (i.e. outcome that count) rather than low intensity actions. There is
also a range of frequency in attacking and defensive activities used by both of
the exponents. The winner (red exponent) used more kicks than the loser which
may reflect greater skill or fitness or both. However, it is still doubtful
that these are the only factors that influence the match.
National silat olahraga
athlete needs more tactical skills to be learned as it helps to reduce the
mistakes during match. More than that, the national athlete must able to avoid
error that might make them less capable to dominant the athlete from other
country. The tactical and technical skills must be understood by the athlete to
ensure they would have better performance in the next competitions. Indicators
listed for the silat olahraga also important as it was the score they could
collected for the match.
The data collected would
help them to realize their mistakes that they could not know as they were
focusing on the game. Coaches and athletes can sit together to talk about the
previous match and share their experience towards the game for better
improvement and preparations for the other competitions.
RECOMMENDATION
It
is recommended that both attacking and defensive skills should be balanced in
their training programs. Frequencies of attacks must be high to get the points,
but they have to increase their blocking frequencies in order to avoid the
opponents to get their points. The skills development for both attacking and
blocking need big range in time in the training programs. Coaches must consider
these important things. Based on the result, the main factor to win the match
is come from punching that surely hit the target, so it is suggested that the
fighters must find the opportunity to punch their opponent as much as they can
because they will get only one point for one punch. Meanwhile, the fighter need
to reduce the frequency of punch hit elsewhere because there is no point given
for that punch. For the sweep skill, in order to decrease the frequency of
missed target, the fighter need to focus, currently in good position and try to
read opponent’s next movement. Topple that hit the target is so important
because it gives the fighter so much points. So, the recommendation here is the
fighter must tightly grab the opponent so that he will not escaped and can be
taken down.
There
are some general considerations that should be taken as the principles of the
training for speed; fighters must warm up enough before the training, fighters
must be fresh at practice speed, movement is made from simple to complex from
easy to difficult and of movement slowly becoming faster. Other considerations
are including the fighters must perform cooling, so that the situation returns
to normal gradually and provide the full recovery time after training speed,
before entering other types of exercises.
This
study has a limitation as the data may not be accurate because of the limited
sources. The video used in this study is from YouTube. Certain parts or minutes
of the match cannot be seen because of the replay, blocking view, and so on.
However, the purpose of this study is to compare that four skills between
winners and losers, so it may not be too disturbing the results.
REFERENCES
Aziz, A. R., Tan, B., & Teh, K. C. (2002). Physiological responses
during matches and profile of elite pencak silat exponents. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 1,
147-155.
Chua,
Y. P. (2012). Asas statistik penyelidikan. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: Mc
Graw Hill.
Sport Singapore (2015). Pencak Silat
Tanding Women's Class B Final LAO vs THA (Day 9) | 28th SEA Games Singapore
2015. Retrieved from https://youtu.be/ml0sFzboUnI
Sport Singapore (2015). Pencak Silat
Tanding Women's Class B SIN vs LAO Semi-Final (Day 8) | 28th SEA Games
Singapore 2015. Retrieved from https://youtu.be/SghP76tXRQo
Wilson,
L. (2009). Jurus, jazz riffs and the constitution of a national martial art in
indonesia. Body & Society, 15(3),
93-119. doi: 10.1177/1357034X09339103
APPENDICES
|
N
|
Mean
|
Std. Deviation
|
|
Statistic
|
Statistic
|
Std. Error
|
Statistic
|
|
Winner (LAO)
|
90
|
1.91
|
.070
|
.664
|
Loser (SIN)
|
62
|
2.10
|
.099
|
.783
|
Valid N (listwise)
|
62
|
|
|
|
Descriptive Statistics
|
||||
|
N
|
Mean
|
Std. Deviation
|
|
Statistic
|
Statistic
|
Std. Error
|
Statistic
|
|
Winner (THA)
|
47
|
2.32
|
.164
|
1.125
|
Loser (LAO)
|
28
|
1.89
|
.079
|
.416
|
Valid N (listwise)
|
28
|
|
|
|
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